Git - protocol-v2 Documentation

protocol-v2 last updated in 2.35.0

This document presents a specification for a version 2 of Git’s wire protocol. Protocol v2 will improve upon v1 in the following ways:

Instead of multiple service names, multiple commands will be supported by a single service
Easily extendable as capabilities are moved into their own section of the protocol, no longer being hidden behind a NUL byte and limited by the size of a pkt-line
Separate out other information hidden behind NUL bytes (e.g. agent string as a capability and symrefs can be requested using ls-refs)
Reference advertisement will be omitted unless explicitly requested
ls-refs command to explicitly request some refs
Designed with http and stateless-rpc in mind. With clear flush semantics the http remote helper can simply act as a proxy

In protocol v2 communication is command oriented. When first contacting a server a list of capabilities will advertised. Some of these capabilities will be commands which a client can request be executed. Once a command has completed, a client can reuse the connection and request that other commands be executed.

Packet-Line Framing

All communication is done using packet-line framing, just as in v1. See Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt and Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt for more information.

In protocol v2 these special packets will have the following semantics:

0000 Flush Packet (flush-pkt) - indicates the end of a message
0001 Delimiter Packet (delim-pkt) - separates sections of a message
0002 Response End Packet (response-end-pkt) - indicates the end of a response for stateless connections

Initial Client Request

In general a client can request to speak protocol v2 by sending version=2 through the respective side-channel for the transport being used which inevitably sets GIT_PROTOCOL. More information can be found in pack-protocol.txt and http-protocol.txt, as well as the GIT_PROTOCOL definition in git.txt. In all cases the response from the server is the capability advertisement.

Git Transport

When using the git:// transport, you can request to use protocol v2 by sending "version=2" as an extra parameter:

003egit-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0\0version=2\0

SSH and File Transport

When using either the ssh:// or file:// transport, the GIT_PROTOCOL environment variable must be set explicitly to include "version=2". The server may need to be configured to allow this environment variable to pass.

HTTP Transport

When using the http:// or https:// transport a client makes a "smart" info/refs request as described in http-protocol.txt and requests that v2 be used by supplying "version=2" in the Git-Protocol header.

C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
C: Git-Protocol: version=2

A v2 server would reply:

S: 200 OK
S: <Some headers>
S: ...
S:
S: 000eversion 2\n
S: <capability-advertisement>

Subsequent requests are then made directly to the service $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack. (This works the same for git-receive-pack).

Uses the --http-backend-info-refs option to git-upload-pack[1].

The server may need to be configured to pass this header’s contents via the GIT_PROTOCOL variable. See the discussion in git-http-backend.txt.

Capability Advertisement

A server which decides to communicate (based on a request from a client) using protocol version 2, notifies the client by sending a version string in its initial response followed by an advertisement of its capabilities. Each capability is a key with an optional value. Clients must ignore all unknown keys. Semantics of unknown values are left to the definition of each key. Some capabilities will describe commands which can be requested to be executed by the client.

capability-advertisement = protocol-version
      capability-list
      flush-pkt

protocol-version = PKT-LINE("version 2" LF)
capability-list = *capability
capability = PKT-LINE(key[=value] LF)

key = 1*(ALPHA | DIGIT | "-_")
value = 1*(ALPHA | DIGIT | " -_.,?\/{}[]()<>!@#$%^&*+=:;")

Command Request

After receiving the capability advertisement, a client can then issue a request to select the command it wants with any particular capabilities or arguments. There is then an optional section where the client can provide any command specific parameters or queries. Only a single command can be requested at a time.

request = empty-request | command-request
empty-request = flush-pkt
command-request = command
    capability-list
    delim-pkt
    command-args
    flush-pkt
command = PKT-LINE("command=" key LF)
command-args = *command-specific-arg

command-specific-args are packet line framed arguments defined by
each individual command.

The server will then check to ensure that the client’s request is comprised of a valid command as well as valid capabilities which were advertised. If the request is valid the server will then execute the command. A server MUST wait till it has received the client’s entire request before issuing a response. The format of the response is determined by the command being executed, but in all cases a flush-pkt indicates the end of the response.

When a command has finished, and the client has received the entire response from the server, a client can either request that another command be executed or can terminate the connection. A client may optionally send an empty request consisting of just a flush-pkt to indicate that no more requests will be made.

Capabilities

There are two different types of capabilities: normal capabilities, which can be used to convey information or alter the behavior of a request, and commands, which are the core actions that a client wants to perform (fetch, push, etc).

Protocol version 2 is stateless by default. This means that all commands must only last a single round and be stateless from the perspective of the server side, unless the client has requested a capability indicating that state should be maintained by the server. Clients MUST NOT require state management on the server side in order to function correctly. This permits simple round-robin load-balancing on the server side, without needing to worry about state management.

agent

The server can advertise the agent capability with a value X (in the form agent=X) to notify the client that the server is running version X. The client may optionally send its own agent string by including the agent capability with a value Y (in the form agent=Y) in its request to the server (but it MUST NOT do so if the server did not advertise the agent capability). The X and Y strings may contain any printable ASCII characters except space (i.e., the byte range 32 < x < 127), and are typically of the form "package/version" (e.g., "git/1.8.3.1"). The agent strings are purely informative for statistics and debugging purposes, and MUST NOT be used to programmatically assume the presence or absence of particular features.

ls-refs

ls-refs is the command used to request a reference advertisement in v2. Unlike the current reference advertisement, ls-refs takes in arguments which can be used to limit the refs sent from the server.

Additional features not supported in the base command will be advertised as the value of the command in the capability advertisement in the form of a space separated list of features: "<command>=<feature 1> <feature 2>"

ls-refs takes in the following arguments:

   symrefs
In addition to the object pointed by it, show the underlying ref
pointed by it when showing a symbolic ref.
   peel
Show peeled tags.
   ref-prefix <prefix>
When specified, only references having a prefix matching one of
the provided prefixes are displayed. Multiple instances may be
given, in which case references matching any prefix will be
shown. Note that this is purely for optimization; a server MAY
show refs not matching the prefix if it chooses, and clients
should filter the result themselves.

If the unborn feature is advertised the following argument can be included in the client’s request.

   unborn
The server will send information about HEAD even if it is a symref
pointing to an unborn branch in the form "unborn HEAD
symref-target:<target>".

The output of ls-refs is as follows:

output = *ref
  flush-pkt
obj-id-or-unborn = (obj-id | "unborn")
ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id-or-unborn SP refname *(SP ref-attribute) LF)
ref-attribute = (symref | peeled)
symref = "symref-target:" symref-target
peeled = "peeled:" obj-id

fetch

fetch is the command used to fetch a packfile in v2. It can be looked at as a modified version of the v1 fetch where the ref-advertisement is stripped out (since the ls-refs command fills that role) and the message format is tweaked to eliminate redundancies and permit easy addition of future extensions.

A fetch request can take the following arguments:

   want <oid>
Indicates to the server an object which the client wants to
retrieve.  Wants can be anything and are not limited to
advertised objects.

   have <oid>
Indicates to the server an object which the client has locally.
This allows the server to make a packfile which only contains
the objects that the client needs. Multiple 'have' lines can be
supplied.

   done
Indicates to the server that negotiation should terminate (or
not even begin if performing a clone) and that the server should
use the information supplied in the request to construct the
packfile.

   thin-pack
Request that a thin pack be sent, which is a pack with deltas
which reference base objects not contained within the pack (but
are known to exist at the receiving end). This can reduce the
network traffic significantly, but it requires the receiving end
to know how to "thicken" these packs by adding the missing bases
to the pack.

   no-progress
Request that progress information that would normally be sent on
side-band channel 2, during the packfile transfer, should not be
sent.  However, the side-band channel 3 is still used for error
responses.

   include-tag
Request that annotated tags should be sent if the objects they
point to are being sent.

   ofs-delta
Indicate that the client understands PACKv2 with delta referring
to its base by position in pack rather than by an oid.  That is,
they can read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (aka type 6) in a packfile.

If the shallow feature is advertised the following arguments can be included in the clients request as well as the potential addition of the shallow-info section in the server’s response as explained below.

   shallow <oid>
A client must notify the server of all commits for which it only
has shallow copies (meaning that it doesn't have the parents of
a commit) by supplying a 'shallow <oid>' line for each such
object so that the server is aware of the limitations of the
client's history.  This is so that the server is aware that the
client may not have all objects reachable from such commits.

   deepen <depth>
Requests that the fetch/clone should be shallow having a commit
depth of <depth> relative to the remote side.

   deepen-relative
Requests that the semantics of the "deepen" command be changed
to indicate that the depth requested is relative to the client's
current shallow boundary, instead of relative to the requested
commits.

   deepen-since <timestamp>
Requests that the shallow clone/fetch should be cut at a
specific time, instead of depth.  Internally it's equivalent to
doing "git rev-list --max-age=<timestamp>". Cannot be used with
"deepen".

   deepen-not <rev>
Requests that the shallow clone/fetch should be cut at a
specific revision specified by '<rev>', instead of a depth.
Internally it's equivalent of doing "git rev-list --not <rev>".
Cannot be used with "deepen", but can be used with
"deepen-since".

If the filter feature is advertised, the following argument can be included in the client’s request:

   filter <filter-spec>
Request that various objects from the packfile be omitted
using one of several filtering techniques. These are intended
for use with partial clone and partial fetch operations. See
`rev-list` for possible "filter-spec" values. When communicating
with other processes, senders SHOULD translate scaled integers
(e.g. "1k") into a fully-expanded form (e.g. "1024") to aid
interoperability with older receivers that may not understand
newly-invented scaling suffixes. However, receivers SHOULD
accept the following suffixes: 'k', 'm', and 'g' for 1024,
1048576, and 1073741824, respectively.

If the ref-in-want feature is advertised, the following argument can be included in the client’s request as well as the potential addition of the wanted-refs section in the server’s response as explained below.

   want-ref <ref>
Indicates to the server that the client wants to retrieve a
particular ref, where <ref> is the full name of a ref on the
server.

If the sideband-all feature is advertised, the following argument can be included in the client’s request:

   sideband-all
Instruct the server to send the whole response multiplexed, not just
the packfile section. All non-flush and non-delim PKT-LINE in the
response (not only in the packfile section) will then start with a byte
indicating its sideband (1, 2, or 3), and the server may send "0005\2"
(a PKT-LINE of sideband 2 with no payload) as a keepalive packet.

If the packfile-uris feature is advertised, the following argument can be included in the client’s request as well as the potential addition of the packfile-uris section in the server’s response as explained below.

   packfile-uris <comma-separated list of protocols>
Indicates to the server that the client is willing to receive
URIs of any of the given protocols in place of objects in the
sent packfile. Before performing the connectivity check, the
client should download from all given URIs. Currently, the
protocols supported are "http" and "https".

If the wait-for-done feature is advertised, the following argument can be included in the client’s request.

   wait-for-done
Indicates to the server that it should never send "ready", but
should wait for the client to say "done" before sending the
packfile.

The response of fetch is broken into a number of sections separated by delimiter packets (0001), with each section beginning with its section header. Most sections are sent only when the packfile is sent.

output = acknowledgements flush-pkt |
  [acknowledgments delim-pkt] [shallow-info delim-pkt]
  [wanted-refs delim-pkt] [packfile-uris delim-pkt]
  packfile flush-pkt

acknowledgments = PKT-LINE("acknowledgments" LF)
    (nak | *ack)
    (ready)
ready = PKT-LINE("ready" LF)
nak = PKT-LINE("NAK" LF)
ack = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id LF)

shallow-info = PKT-LINE("shallow-info" LF)
 *PKT-LINE((shallow | unshallow) LF)
shallow = "shallow" SP obj-id
unshallow = "unshallow" SP obj-id

wanted-refs = PKT-LINE("wanted-refs" LF)
*PKT-LINE(wanted-ref LF)
wanted-ref = obj-id SP refname

packfile-uris = PKT-LINE("packfile-uris" LF) *packfile-uri
packfile-uri = PKT-LINE(40*(HEXDIGIT) SP *%x20-ff LF)

packfile = PKT-LINE("packfile" LF)
    *PKT-LINE(%x01-03 *%x00-ff)

   acknowledgments section
* If the client determines that it is finished with negotiations by
  sending a "done" line (thus requiring the server to send a packfile),
  the acknowledgments sections MUST be omitted from the server's
  response.

Always begins with the section header "acknowledgments"
The server will respond with "NAK" if none of the object ids sent as have lines were common.
The server will respond with "ACK obj-id" for all of the object ids sent as have lines which are common.
A response cannot have both "ACK" lines as well as a "NAK" line.
The server will respond with a "ready" line indicating that the server has found an acceptable common base and is ready to make and send a packfile (which will be found in the packfile section of the same response)

If the server has found a suitable cut point and has decided to send a "ready" line, then the server can decide to (as an optimization) omit any "ACK" lines it would have sent during its response. This is because the server will have already determined the objects it plans to send to the client and no further negotiation is needed.

   shallow-info section
* If the client has requested a shallow fetch/clone, a shallow
  client requests a fetch or the server is shallow then the
  server's response may include a shallow-info section.  The
  shallow-info section will be included if (due to one of the
  above conditions) the server needs to inform the client of any
  shallow boundaries or adjustments to the clients already
  existing shallow boundaries.

Always begins with the section header "shallow-info"
If a positive depth is requested, the server will compute the set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth.
The server sends a "shallow obj-id" line for each commit whose parents will not be sent in the following packfile.
The server sends an "unshallow obj-id" line for each commit which the client has indicated is shallow, but is no longer shallow as a result of the fetch (due to its parents being sent in the following packfile).

The server MUST NOT send any "unshallow" lines for anything which the client has not indicated was shallow as a part of its request.

   wanted-refs section
* This section is only included if the client has requested a
  ref using a 'want-ref' line and if a packfile section is also
  included in the response.

Always begins with the section header "wanted-refs".
The server will send a ref listing ("<oid> <refname>") for each reference requested using want-ref lines.

The server MUST NOT send any refs which were not requested using want-ref lines.

   packfile-uris section
* This section is only included if the client sent
  'packfile-uris' and the server has at least one such URI to
  send.

Always begins with the section header "packfile-uris".
For each URI the server sends, it sends a hash of the pack’s contents (as output by git index-pack) followed by the URI.

The hashes are 40 hex characters long. When Git upgrades to a new hash algorithm, this might need to be updated. (It should match whatever index-pack outputs after "pack\t" or "keep\t".

   packfile section
* This section is only included if the client has sent 'want'
  lines in its request and either requested that no more
  negotiation be done by sending 'done' or if the server has
  decided it has found a sufficient cut point to produce a
  packfile.

Always begins with the section header "packfile"
The transmission of the packfile begins immediately after the section header
The data transfer of the packfile is always multiplexed, using the same semantics of the side-band-64k capability from protocol version 1. This means that each packet, during the packfile data stream, is made up of a leading 4-byte pkt-line length (typical of the pkt-line format), followed by a 1-byte stream code, followed by the actual data.
```
 The stream code can be one of:
1 - pack data
2 - progress messages
3 - fatal error message just before stream aborts
```

server-option

If advertised, indicates that any number of server specific options can be included in a request. This is done by sending each option as a "server-option=<option>" capability line in the capability-list section of a request.

The provided options must not contain a NUL or LF character.

object-format

The server can advertise the object-format capability with a value X (in the form object-format=X) to notify the client that the server is able to deal with objects using hash algorithm X. If not specified, the server is assumed to only handle SHA-1. If the client would like to use a hash algorithm other than SHA-1, it should specify its object-format string.

session-id=<session id>

The server may advertise a session ID that can be used to identify this process across multiple requests. The client may advertise its own session ID back to the server as well.

Session IDs should be unique to a given process. They must fit within a packet-line, and must not contain non-printable or whitespace characters. The current implementation uses trace2 session IDs (see api-trace2 for details), but this may change and users of the session ID should not rely on this fact.

object-info

object-info is the command to retrieve information about one or more objects. Its main purpose is to allow a client to make decisions based on this information without having to fully fetch objects. Object size is the only information that is currently supported.

An object-info request takes the following arguments:

size
Requests size information to be returned for each listed object id.

oid <oid>
Indicates to the server an object which the client wants to obtain
information for.

The response of object-info is a list of the requested object ids and associated requested information, each separated by a single space.

output = info flush-pkt

info = PKT-LINE(attrs) LF)
	*PKT-LINE(obj-info LF)

attrs = attr | attrs SP attrs

attr = "size"

obj-info = obj-id SP obj-size

Setup and Config

Getting and Creating Projects

Basic Snapshotting

Branching and Merging

Sharing and Updating Projects

Inspection and Comparison

Patching

Debugging

Email

External Systems

Server Admin

Guides

Administration

Plumbing Commands