Git

git last updated in 2.47.0

NAME

git - the stupid content tracker

SYNOPSIS

git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
    [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
    [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>] <command> [<args>]

DESCRIPTION

Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals.

See gittutorial[7] to get started, then see giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of commands. The Git User’s Manual has a more in-depth introduction.

After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about individual Git commands with "git help command". gitcli[7] manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.

A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation can be viewed at https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html or https://git-scm.com/docs.

OPTIONS

-v

--version

Prints the Git suite version that the git program came from.

This option is internally converted to git version ... and accepts the same options as the git-version[1] command. If --help is also given, it takes precedence over --version.

-h

--help

Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used commands. If the option --all or -a is given then all available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this option will bring up the manual page for that command.

Other options are available to control how the manual page is displayed. See git-help[1] for more information, because git --help ... is converted internally into git help ....

-C <path>

Run as if git was started in <path> instead of the current working directory. When multiple -C options are given, each subsequent non-absolute -C <path> is interpreted relative to the preceding -C <path>. If <path> is present but empty, e.g. -C "", then the current working directory is left unchanged.

This option affects options that expect path name like --git-dir and --work-tree in that their interpretations of the path names would be made relative to the working directory caused by the -C option. For example the following invocations are equivalent:

git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status

-c <name>=<value>

Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value given will override values from configuration files. The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by git config (subkeys separated by dots).

Note that omitting the = in git -c foo.bar ... is allowed and sets foo.bar to the boolean true value (just like [foo]bar would in a config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like git -c foo.bar= ...) sets foo.bar to the empty string which git config --type=bool will convert to false.

--config-env=<name>=<envvar>

Like -c <name>=<value>, give configuration variable <name> a value, where <envvar> is the name of an environment variable from which to retrieve the value. Unlike -c there is no shortcut for directly setting the value to an empty string, instead the environment variable itself must be set to the empty string. It is an error if the <envvar> does not exist in the environment. <envvar> may not contain an equals sign to avoid ambiguity with <name> containing one.

This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory configuration options to git, but are doing so on OS’s where other processes might be able to read your cmdline (e.g. /proc/self/cmdline), but not your environ (e.g. /proc/self/environ). That behavior is the default on Linux, but may not be on your system.

Note that this might add security for variables such as http.extraHeader where the sensitive information is part of the value, but not e.g. url.<base>.insteadOf where the sensitive information can be part of the key.

--exec-path[=<path>]

Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment variable. If no path is given, git will print the current setting and then exit.

--html-path

Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git’s HTML documentation is installed and exit.

--man-path

Print the manpath (see man(1)) for the man pages for this version of Git and exit.

--info-path

Print the path where the Info files documenting this version of Git are installed and exit.

-p

--paginate

Pipe all output into less (or if set, $PAGER) if standard output is a terminal. This overrides the pager.<cmd> configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section below).

-P

--no-pager

Do not pipe Git output into a pager.

--git-dir=<path>

Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to current working directory.

Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this option (or GIT_DIR environment variable) turns off the repository discovery that tries to find a directory with ".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git that you are at the top level of the working tree. If you are not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you should tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is, with the --work-tree=<path> option (or GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable)

If you just want to run git as if it was started in <path> then use git -C <path>.

--work-tree=<path>

Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path or a path relative to the current working directory. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable and the core.worktree configuration variable (see core.worktree in git-config[1] for a more detailed discussion).

--namespace=<path>

Set the Git namespace. See gitnamespaces[7] for more details. Equivalent to setting the GIT_NAMESPACE environment variable.

--bare

Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment is not set, it is set to the current working directory.

--no-replace-objects

Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See git-replace[1] for more information.

--literal-pathspecs

Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). This is equivalent to setting the GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.

--glob-pathspecs

Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1. Disabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic ":(literal)"

--noglob-pathspecs

Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1. Enabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic ":(glob)"

--icase-pathspecs

Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.

--no-optional-locks

Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is equivalent to setting the GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS to 0.

--list-cmds=group[,group…]

List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory), others (all other commands in $PATH that have git- prefix), list-<category> (see categories in command-list.txt), nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config (retrieve command list from config variable completion.commands)

--attr-source=<tree-ish>

Read gitattributes from <tree-ish> instead of the worktree. See gitattributes[5]. This is equivalent to setting the GIT_ATTR_SOURCE environment variable.

GIT COMMANDS

We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level ("plumbing") commands.

High-level commands (porcelain)

We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some ancillary user utilities.

Main porcelain commands

git-add[1]: Add file contents to the index
git-am[1]: Apply a series of patches from a mailbox
git-archive[1]: Create an archive of files from a named tree
git-bisect[1]: Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug
git-branch[1]: List, create, or delete branches
git-bundle[1]: Move objects and refs by archive
git-checkout[1]: Switch branches or restore working tree files
git-cherry-pick[1]: Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits
git-citool[1]: Graphical alternative to git-commit
git-clean[1]: Remove untracked files from the working tree
git-clone[1]: Clone a repository into a new directory
git-commit[1]: Record changes to the repository
git-describe[1]: Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref
git-diff[1]: Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc
git-fetch[1]: Download objects and refs from another repository
git-format-patch[1]: Prepare patches for e-mail submission
git-gc[1]: Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository
git-grep[1]: Print lines matching a pattern
git-gui[1]: A portable graphical interface to Git
git-init[1]: Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one
git-log[1]: Show commit logs
git-maintenance[1]: Run tasks to optimize Git repository data
git-merge[1]: Join two or more development histories together
git-mv[1]: Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink
git-notes[1]: Add or inspect object notes
git-pull[1]: Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch
git-push[1]: Update remote refs along with associated objects
git-range-diff[1]: Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch)
git-rebase[1]: Reapply commits on top of another base tip
git-reset[1]: Reset current HEAD to the specified state
git-restore[1]: Restore working tree files
git-revert[1]: Revert some existing commits
git-rm[1]: Remove files from the working tree and from the index
git-shortlog[1]: Summarize git log output
git-show[1]: Show various types of objects
git-sparse-checkout[1]: Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files
git-stash[1]: Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away
git-status[1]: Show the working tree status
git-submodule[1]: Initialize, update or inspect submodules
git-switch[1]: Switch branches
git-tag[1]: Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG
git-worktree[1]: Manage multiple working trees
gitk[1]: The Git repository browser
scalar[1]: A tool for managing large Git repositories

Ancillary Commands

Manipulators:

git-config[1]: Get and set repository or global options
git-fast-export[1]: Git data exporter
git-fast-import[1]: Backend for fast Git data importers
git-filter-branch[1]: Rewrite branches
git-mergetool[1]: Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts
git-pack-refs[1]: Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access
git-prune[1]: Prune all unreachable objects from the object database
git-reflog[1]: Manage reflog information
git-remote[1]: Manage set of tracked repositories
git-repack[1]: Pack unpacked objects in a repository
git-replace[1]: Create, list, delete refs to replace objects

Interrogators:

git-annotate[1]: Annotate file lines with commit information
git-blame[1]: Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
git-bugreport[1]: Collect information for user to file a bug report
git-count-objects[1]: Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption
git-diagnose[1]: Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information
git-difftool[1]: Show changes using common diff tools
git-fsck[1]: Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database
git-help[1]: Display help information about Git
git-instaweb[1]: Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb
git-merge-tree[1]: Perform merge without touching index or working tree
git-rerere[1]: Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges
git-show-branch[1]: Show branches and their commits
git-verify-commit[1]: Check the GPG signature of commits
git-verify-tag[1]: Check the GPG signature of tags
git-version[1]: Display version information about Git
git-whatchanged[1]: Show logs with difference each commit introduces
gitweb[1]: Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories)

Interacting with Others

These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other people via patch over e-mail.

git-archimport[1]: Import a GNU Arch repository into Git
git-cvsexportcommit[1]: Export a single commit to a CVS checkout
git-cvsimport[1]: Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate
git-cvsserver[1]: A CVS server emulator for Git
git-imap-send[1]: Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder
git-p4[1]: Import from and submit to Perforce repositories
git-quiltimport[1]: Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch
git-request-pull[1]: Generates a summary of pending changes
git-send-email[1]: Send a collection of patches as emails
git-svn[1]: Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git

Reset, restore and revert

There are three commands with similar names: git reset, git restore and git revert.

git-revert[1] is about making a new commit that reverts the changes made by other commits.
git-restore[1] is about restoring files in the working tree from either the index or another commit. This command does not update your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in the index from another commit.
git-reset[1] is about updating your branch, moving the tip in order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation changes the commit history.

git reset can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with git restore.

Low-level commands (plumbing)

Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might start by reading about git-update-index[1] and git-read-tree[1].

The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the end user experience.

The following description divides the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between repositories.

Manipulation commands

git-apply[1]: Apply a patch to files and/or to the index
git-checkout-index[1]: Copy files from the index to the working tree
git-commit-graph[1]: Write and verify Git commit-graph files
git-commit-tree[1]: Create a new commit object
git-hash-object[1]: Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a file
git-index-pack[1]: Build pack index file for an existing packed archive
git-merge-file[1]: Run a three-way file merge
git-merge-index[1]: Run a merge for files needing merging
git-mktag[1]: Creates a tag object with extra validation
git-mktree[1]: Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text
git-multi-pack-index[1]: Write and verify multi-pack-indexes
git-pack-objects[1]: Create a packed archive of objects
git-prune-packed[1]: Remove extra objects that are already in pack files
git-read-tree[1]: Reads tree information into the index
git-symbolic-ref[1]: Read, modify and delete symbolic refs
git-unpack-objects[1]: Unpack objects from a packed archive
git-update-index[1]: Register file contents in the working tree to the index
git-update-ref[1]: Update the object name stored in a ref safely
git-write-tree[1]: Create a tree object from the current index

Interrogation commands

git-cat-file[1]: Provide contents or details of repository objects
git-cherry[1]: Find commits yet to be applied to upstream
git-diff-files[1]: Compares files in the working tree and the index
git-diff-index[1]: Compare a tree to the working tree or index
git-diff-tree[1]: Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
git-for-each-ref[1]: Output information on each ref
git-for-each-repo[1]: Run a Git command on a list of repositories
git-get-tar-commit-id[1]: Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive
git-ls-files[1]: Show information about files in the index and the working tree
git-ls-remote[1]: List references in a remote repository
git-ls-tree[1]: List the contents of a tree object
git-merge-base[1]: Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge
git-name-rev[1]: Find symbolic names for given revs
git-pack-redundant[1]: Find redundant pack files
git-rev-list[1]: Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
git-rev-parse[1]: Pick out and massage parameters
git-show-index[1]: Show packed archive index
git-show-ref[1]: List references in a local repository
git-unpack-file[1]: Creates a temporary file with a blob’s contents
git-var[1]: Show a Git logical variable
git-verify-pack[1]: Validate packed Git archive files

In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the working tree.

Syncing repositories

git-daemon[1]: A really simple server for Git repositories
git-fetch-pack[1]: Receive missing objects from another repository
git-http-backend[1]: Server side implementation of Git over HTTP
git-send-pack[1]: Push objects over Git protocol to another repository
git-update-server-info[1]: Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers

The following are helper commands used by the above; end users typically do not use them directly.

git-http-fetch[1]: Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP
git-http-push[1]: Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository
git-receive-pack[1]: Receive what is pushed into the repository
git-shell[1]: Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access
git-upload-archive[1]: Send archive back to git-archive
git-upload-pack[1]: Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack

Internal helper commands

These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end users typically do not use them directly.

git-check-attr[1]: Display gitattributes information
git-check-ignore[1]: Debug gitignore / exclude files
git-check-mailmap[1]: Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts
git-check-ref-format[1]: Ensures that a reference name is well formed
git-column[1]: Display data in columns
git-credential[1]: Retrieve and store user credentials
git-credential-cache[1]: Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory
git-credential-store[1]: Helper to store credentials on disk
git-fmt-merge-msg[1]: Produce a merge commit message
git-hook[1]: Run git hooks
git-interpret-trailers[1]: Add or parse structured information in commit messages
git-mailinfo[1]: Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message
git-mailsplit[1]: Simple UNIX mbox splitter program
git-merge-one-file[1]: The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index
git-patch-id[1]: Compute unique ID for a patch
git-sh-i18n[1]: Git’s i18n setup code for shell scripts
git-sh-setup[1]: Common Git shell script setup code
git-stripspace[1]: Remove unnecessary whitespace

Guides

The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.

gitcore-tutorial[7]: A Git core tutorial for developers
gitcredentials[7]: Providing usernames and passwords to Git
gitcvs-migration[7]: Git for CVS users
gitdiffcore[7]: Tweaking diff output
giteveryday[7]: A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git
gitfaq[7]: Frequently asked questions about using Git
gitglossary[7]: A Git Glossary
gitnamespaces[7]: Git namespaces
gitremote-helpers[7]: Helper programs to interact with remote repositories
gitsubmodules[7]: Mounting one repository inside another
gittutorial[7]: A tutorial introduction to Git
gittutorial-2[7]: A tutorial introduction to Git: part two
gitworkflows[7]: An overview of recommended workflows with Git

Repository, command and file interfaces

This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces which users are expected to interact with directly. See --user-formats in git-help[1] for more details on the criteria.

gitattributes[5]: Defining attributes per path
gitcli[7]: Git command-line interface and conventions
githooks[5]: Hooks used by Git
gitignore[5]: Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore
gitmailmap[5]: Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses
gitmodules[5]: Defining submodule properties
gitrepository-layout[5]: Git Repository Layout
gitrevisions[7]: Specifying revisions and ranges for Git

File formats, protocols and other developer interfaces

This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire protocols and other git developer interfaces. See --developer-interfaces in git-help[1].

gitformat-bundle[5]: The bundle file format
gitformat-chunk[5]: Chunk-based file formats
gitformat-commit-graph[5]: Git commit-graph format
gitformat-index[5]: Git index format
gitformat-pack[5]: Git pack format
gitformat-signature[5]: Git cryptographic signature formats
gitprotocol-capabilities[5]: Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities
gitprotocol-common[5]: Things common to various protocols
gitprotocol-http[5]: Git HTTP-based protocols
gitprotocol-pack[5]: How packs are transferred over-the-wire
gitprotocol-v2[5]: Git Wire Protocol, Version 2

Configuration Mechanism

Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look like this:

#
# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
#

; core variables
[core]
	; Don't trust file modes
	filemode = false

; user identity
[user]
	name = "Junio C Hamano"
	email = "gitster@pobox.com"

Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their operation accordingly. See git-config[1] for a list and more details about the configuration mechanism.

Identifier Terminology

<object>: Indicates the object name for any type of object.
<blob>: Indicates a blob object name.
<tree>: Indicates a tree object name.
<commit>: Indicates a commit object name.
<tree-ish>: Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
<commit-ish>: Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
<type>: Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of: blob, tree, commit, or tag.
<file>: Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.

Symbolic Identifiers

Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following symbolic notation:

HEAD: indicates the head of the current branch.
<tag>: a valid tag name (i.e. a refs/tags/<tag> reference).
<head>: a valid head name (i.e. a refs/heads/<head> reference).

For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions[7].

File/Directory Structure

Please see the gitrepository-layout[5] document.

Read githooks[5] for more details about each hook.

Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the $GIT_DIR.

Terminology

Please see gitglossary[7].

Environment Variables

Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and change their behavior. The environment variables marked as "Boolean" take their values the same way as Boolean valued configuration variables, e.g. "true", "yes", "on" and positive numbers are taken as "yes".

Here are the variables:

The Git Repository

These environment variables apply to all core Git commands. Nb: it is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.

GIT_INDEX_FILE: This environment variable specifies an alternate index file. If not specified, the default of $GIT_DIR/index is used.
GIT_INDEX_VERSION: This environment variable specifies what index version is used when writing the index file out. It won’t affect existing index files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See git-update-index[1] for more information.
GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY: If the object storage directory is specified via this environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - otherwise the default $GIT_DIR/objects directory is used.
GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES: Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.

Entries that begin with " (double-quote) will be interpreted as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value "path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path has two paths: path-with-"-and-:-in-it and vanilla-path.
GIT_DIR: If the GIT_DIR environment variable is set then it specifies a path to use instead of the default .git for the base of the repository. The --git-dir command-line option also sets this value.
GIT_WORK_TREE: Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can also be controlled by the --work-tree command-line option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
GIT_NAMESPACE: Set the Git namespace; see gitnamespaces[7] for details. The --namespace command-line option also sets this value.
GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES: This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up into while looking for a repository directory (useful for excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that might be present in order to compare them with the current directory. However, if even this access is slow, you can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn’t be resolved; e.g., GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink.
GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM: When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it does not cross filesystem boundaries. This Boolean environment variable can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem boundaries. Like GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES, this will not affect an explicit repository directory set via GIT_DIR or on the command line.
GIT_COMMON_DIR: If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are taken from $GIT_DIR. See gitrepository-layout[5] and git-worktree[1] for details. This variable has lower precedence than other path variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY…
GIT_DEFAULT_HASH: If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new repositories will be set to this value. This value is ignored when cloning and the setting of the remote repository is always used. The default is "sha1". See --object-format in git-init[1].

Git Commits

GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.name and author.name configuration settings.
GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL: The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.email and author.email configuration settings.
GIT_AUTHOR_DATE: The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit[1] for valid formats.
GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: The human-readable name used in the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.name and committer.name configuration settings.
GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL: The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.email and committer.email configuration settings.
GIT_COMMITTER_DATE: The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit[1] for valid formats.
EMAIL: The email address used in the author and committer identities if no other relevant environment variable or configuration setting has been set.

Git Diffs

GIT_DIFF_OPTS

Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option value passed on the Git diff command line.

GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF

When the environment variable GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is set, the program named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git does not use its builtin diff machinery. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 7 parameters:

path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode

where:

<old|new>-file

are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of <old|new>,

<old|new>-hex

are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,

<old|new>-mode

are the octal representation of the file modes.

The file parameters can point at the user’s working file (e.g. new-file in "git-diff-files"), /dev/null (e.g. old-file when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. old-file in the index). GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF should not worry about unlinking the temporary file — it is removed when GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF exits.

For a path that is unmerged, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 1 parameter, <path>.

For each path GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called, two environment variables, GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER and GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL are set.

GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER

A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.

GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL

The total number of paths.

other

GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY: A number controlling the amount of output shown by the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See git-merge[1]
GIT_PAGER: This environment variable overrides $PAGER. If it is set to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch a pager. See also the core.pager option in git-config[1].
GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY: A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.
GIT_EDITOR: This environment variable overrides $EDITOR and $VISUAL. It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, an editor is to be launched. See also git-var[1] and the core.editor option in git-config[1].
GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR: This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor when editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also git-rebase[1] and the sequence.editor option in git-config[1].
GIT_SSH
GIT_SSH_COMMAND: If either of these environment variables is set then git fetch and git push will use the specified command instead of ssh when they need to connect to a remote system. The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are determined by the ssh variant. See ssh.variant option in git-config[1] for details.

$GIT_SSH_COMMAND takes precedence over $GIT_SSH, and is interpreted by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included. $GIT_SSH on the other hand must be just the path to a program (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are needed).

Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your personal .ssh/config file. Please consult your ssh documentation for further details.
GIT_SSH_VARIANT: If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git’s autodetection whether GIT_SSH/GIT_SSH_COMMAND/core.sshCommand refer to OpenSSH, plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting ssh.variant that serves the same purpose.
GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY: Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value tells Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or pushing over HTTPS.
GIT_ATTR_SOURCE: Sets the treeish that gitattributes will be read from.
GIT_ASKPASS: If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication) will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the core.askPass option in git-config[1].
GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT: If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git will not prompt on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL
GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM: Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or system-level configuration files. If GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM is set, the system config file defined at build time (usually /etc/gitconfig) will not be read. Likewise, if GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL is set, neither $HOME/.gitconfig nor $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config will be read. Can be set to /dev/null to skip reading configuration files of the respective level.
GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM: Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. This Boolean environment variable can be used along with $HOME and $XDG_CONFIG_HOME to create a predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it to true to temporarily avoid using a buggy /etc/gitconfig file while waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
GIT_FLUSH: If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as git blame (in incremental mode), git rev-list, git log, git check-attr and git check-ignore will force a flush of the output stream after each record have been flushed. If this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
GIT_TRACE: Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in command execution and external command execution.

If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.

If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace messages into this file descriptor.

Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting with a / character), Git will interpret this as a file path and will try to append the trace messages to it.

Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR: Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS: Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some pack-related performance problems. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_PACKET: Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK" (but see GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE below). See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE: Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost certainly want to direct into a file (e.g., GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack) rather than displaying it on the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.

Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side of clones and fetches.
GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE: Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution time of each Git command. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_REFS: Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_SETUP: Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current working directory after Git has completed its setup phase. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW: Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching / cloning of shallow repositories. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_CURL: Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol. This is similar to doing curl --trace-ascii on the command line. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA: When a curl trace is enabled (see GIT_TRACE_CURL above), do not dump data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).
GIT_TRACE2: Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library. Output from GIT_TRACE2 is a simple text-based format for human readability.

If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.

If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace messages into this file descriptor.

Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting with a / character), Git will interpret this as a file path and will try to append the trace messages to it. If the path already exists and is a directory, the trace messages will be written to files (one per process) in that directory, named according to the last component of the SID and an optional counter (to avoid filename collisions).

In addition, if the variable is set to af_unix:[<socket_type>:]<absolute-pathname>, Git will try to open the path as a Unix Domain Socket. The socket type can be either stream or dgram.

Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.

See Trace2 documentation for full details.
GIT_TRACE2_EVENT: This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine interpretation. See GIT_TRACE2 for available trace output options and Trace2 documentation for full details.
GIT_TRACE2_PERF: In addition to the text-based messages available in GIT_TRACE2, this setting writes a column-based format for understanding nesting regions. See GIT_TRACE2 for available trace output options and Trace2 documentation for full details.
GIT_TRACE_REDACT: By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the "Proxy-Authorization:" header and packfile URIs. Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent this redaction.
GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS: Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example, running GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c' will search for commits that touch the path *.c, not any paths that the glob *.c matches. You might want this if you are feeding literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by git ls-tree, --raw diff output, etc).
GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS: Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS: Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS: Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as case-insensitive.
GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is typically the name of the high-level command that updated the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref. A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action helper function in git-sh-setup to set its name to this variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
GIT_REF_PARANOIA: If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore broken or badly named refs when iterating over lists of refs. Normally Git will try to include any such refs, which may cause some operations to fail. This is usually preferable, as potentially destructive operations (e.g., git-prune[1]) are better off aborting rather than ignoring broken refs (and thus considering the history they point to as not worth saving). The default value is 1 (i.e., be paranoid about detecting and aborting all operations). You should not normally need to set this to 0, but it may be useful when trying to salvage data from a corrupted repository.
GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL: If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if protocol.allow is set to never, and each of the listed protocols has protocol.<name>.allow set to always (overriding any existing configuration). See the description of protocol.allow in git-config[1] for more details.
GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER: Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are configured to the user state. This is useful to restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See git-config[1] for more details.
GIT_PROTOCOL: For internal use only. Used in handshaking the wire protocol. Contains a colon : separated list of keys with optional values key[=value]. Presence of unknown keys and values must be ignored.

Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this variable to pass over some transports. It will be propagated automatically when accessing local repositories (i.e., file:// or a filesystem path), as well as over the git:// protocol. For git-over-http, it should work automatically in most configurations, but see the discussion in git-http-backend[1]. For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may need to be configured to allow clients to pass this variable (e.g., by using AcceptEnv GIT_PROTOCOL with OpenSSH).

This configuration is optional. If the variable is not propagated, then clients will fall back to the original "v0" protocol (but may miss out on some performance improvements or features). This variable currently only affects clones and fetches; it is not yet used for pushes (but may be in the future).
GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS: If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git will complete any requested operation without performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock. For example, this will prevent git status from refreshing the index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in the background which do not want to cause lock contention with other operations on the repository. Defaults to 1.
GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN
GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT
GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR: Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the canonical way to pass standard handles via CreateProcess() is not an option because it would require the handles to be marked inheritable (and consequently every spawned process would inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication (e.g. \\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123).

Two special values are supported: off will simply close the corresponding standard handle, and if GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR is 2>&1, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as standard output.
GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS (deprecated): If set to yes, print an ellipsis following an (abbreviated) SHA-1 value. This affects indications of detached HEADs (git-checkout[1]) and the raw diff output (git-diff[1]). Printing an ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered adequate and support for it is likely to be removed in the foreseeable future (along with the variable).

Discussion

More detail on the following is available from the Git concepts chapter of the user-manual and gitcore-tutorial[7].

A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other things, a compressed object database representing the complete history of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such as tags and branch heads.

The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree and some number of parent commits.

The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or "version", represents a step in the project’s history, and each parent represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one parent represent merges of independent lines of development.

All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique. The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this purpose.

When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".

Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs with names beginning ref/head/ contain the SHA-1 name of the most recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of tags of interest are stored under ref/tags/. A special ref named HEAD contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.

The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the content stored in the index.

The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages") for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.

SECURITY

Some configuration options and hook files may cause Git to run arbitrary shell commands. Because configuration and hooks are not copied using git clone, it is generally safe to clone remote repositories with untrusted content, inspect them with git log, and so on.

However, it is not safe to run Git commands in a .git directory (or the working tree that surrounds it) when that .git directory itself comes from an untrusted source. The commands in its config and hooks are executed in the usual way.

By default, Git will refuse to run when the repository is owned by someone other than the user running the command. See the entry for safe.directory in git-config[1]. While this can help protect you in a multi-user environment, note that you can also acquire untrusted repositories that are owned by you (for example, if you extract a zip file or tarball from an untrusted source). In such cases, you’d need to "sanitize" the untrusted repository first.

If you have an untrusted .git directory, you should first clone it with git clone --no-local to obtain a clean copy. Git does restrict the set of options and hooks that will be run by upload-pack, which handles the server side of a clone or fetch, but beware that the surface area for attack against upload-pack is large, so this does carry some risk. The safest thing is to serve the repository as an unprivileged user (either via git-daemon[1], ssh, or using other tools to change user ids). See the discussion in the SECURITY section of git-upload-pack[1].

FURTHER DOCUMENTATION

See the references in the "description" section to get started using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.

The Git concepts chapter of the user-manual and gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide introductions to the underlying Git architecture.

See gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.

See also the howto documents for some useful examples.

The internals are documented in the Git API documentation.

Users migrating from CVS may also want to read gitcvs-migration[7].

Authors

Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary gives you a more complete list of contributors.

If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of git-shortlog[1] and git-blame[1] can show you the authors for specific parts of the project.

Reporting Bugs

Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be subscribed to the list to send a message there. See the list archive at https://lore.kernel.org/git for previous bug reports and other discussions.

Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to the Git Security mailing list <git-security@googlegroups.com>.

Part of the git[1] suite

Setup and Config

Getting and Creating Projects

Basic Snapshotting

Branching and Merging

Sharing and Updating Projects

Inspection and Comparison

Patching

Debugging

Email

External Systems

Server Admin

Guides

Administration

Plumbing Commands

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

GIT COMMANDS

High-level commands (porcelain)

Main porcelain commands

Ancillary Commands

Interacting with Others

Reset, restore and revert

Low-level commands (plumbing)

Manipulation commands

Interrogation commands

Syncing repositories

Internal helper commands

Guides

Repository, command and file interfaces

File formats, protocols and other developer interfaces

Configuration Mechanism

Identifier Terminology

Symbolic Identifiers

File/Directory Structure

Terminology

Environment Variables

The Git Repository

Git Commits

Git Diffs

other

Discussion

SECURITY

FURTHER DOCUMENTATION

Authors

Reporting Bugs

SEE ALSO

GIT

git